Effectiveness of Spinach Extract Administration on Hemoglobin Level Improvement in Pregnant Women with Mild Anemia at Wiritasi Health Center
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57214/jasira.v3i2.331Keywords:
mild anemia, pregnant women, spinach extract, hemoglobinAbstract
Mild anemia in pregnant women remains a common health problem at the primary healthcare level and may negatively affect both maternal health and fetal development. One non-pharmacological approach to managing anemia is the utilization of local food sources rich in iron, such as spinach. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of spinach extract in increasing hemoglobin levels among pregnant women with mild anemia at Poskesdes Wiritasi. This study employed a quasi-experimental design using a one-group pretest–posttest approach without a control group. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women diagnosed with mild anemia who were selected through purposive sampling. The intervention involved the regular administration of spinach extract for 14 consecutive days. Hemoglobin levels were measured before and after the intervention using a standard hemoglobin testing device. Data were analyzed to assess differences in hemoglobin levels before and after the intervention. The results showed a significant increase in hemoglobin levels following the administration of spinach extract. These findings indicate that spinach extract has a positive effect on improving hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with mild anemia. Therefore, spinach extract may serve as an effective, safe, and easily applicable local food–based nutritional intervention for the prevention and management of mild anemia among pregnant women at the village healthcare level.References
Balarajan, Y., Ramakrishnan, U., Özaltin, E., Shankar, A. H., & Subramanian, S. V. (2021). Anemia in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 397(10270), 208–220.
Bencaiova, G., Breymann, C., & Krafft, A. (2020). Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Swiss Medical Weekly, 150, w20211.
https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20211
Bencaiova, G., Burkhardt, T., & Breymann, C. (2020). Anemia during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 73, 88–93.
Berti, C., Ferrari, J., Levitt, N. S., et al. (2020). Aligning food-based dietary guidelines with sustainability goals. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 142.
Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., et al. (2022). Evidence-based interventions for maternal nutrition. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 18(Suppl. 1), e13182.
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., et al. (2021). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight. The Lancet, 397(10282), 1388–1398.
Daru, J., Zamora, J., Fernández-Félix, B. M., et al. (2021). Risk of maternal mortality with anemia. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 75(11), 1029–1037.
FAO. (2021). Sustainable healthy diets—Guiding principles. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fernandez, M. L., Ramos, J. S., & McDaniel, J. (2022). Bioavailability of nutrients from plant foods. Nutrition Reviews, 80(2), 71–90.
Gibson, R. S., Bailey, K. B., Gibbs, M., & Ferguson, E. L. (2022). Iron bioavailability and dietary strategies. Nutrients, 14(2), 349.
Gropper, S. S., & Smith, J. L. (2021). Advanced nutrition and human metabolism (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Haider, B. A., Olofin, I., Wang, M., et al. (2020). Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. BMJ, 360, j5546.
Herforth, A., Arimond, M., Álvarez-Sánchez, C., et al. (2020). A global review of food-based dietary guidelines. Advances in Nutrition, 11(5), 1547–1564.
Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., et al. (2022). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Wiley.
Hurrell, R., & Egli, I. (2021). Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(6), 1927–1934.
Hurrell, R., & Egli, I. (2021). Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 113(2), 376–382.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa366
Imdad, A., Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Effect of preventive iron supplementation in pregnancy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 71(Suppl 1), S92–S101.
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2021). The importance of bias in clinical research. JAMA, 326(3), 237–238.
Kavle, J., Landry, M., & Afsana, K. (2020). Nutrition education and counseling for maternal health. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(1), e12822.
Keats, E. C., Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., et al. (2021). Effective interventions to address maternal anemia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(Suppl 1), e13182.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2022). Profil kesehatan ibu dan anak Indonesia. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Pedoman pencegahan dan penanggulangan anemia pada ibu hamil. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI.
Kumar, A., Singh, R., & Singh, A. (2023). Impact of green leafy vegetables on anemia. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 34, 100283.
Lee, P. H., Lee, S. Y., & Ha, J. (2021). Dietary habits among pregnant women: barriers to healthy eating. Nutrients, 13(4), 1086.
Lynch, S. R., & Cook, J. D. (2022). Interaction of vitamin C and iron absorption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 115(3), 654–660.
Milman, N. (2021). Iron deficiency and anemia in pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 100(4), 620–631.
Milman, N. (2021). Iron supplementation during pregnancy: Current recommendations and controversies. Acta Haematologica, 144(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511684
Munafò, M. R., & Davey Smith, G. (2021). Robust research needs many lines of evidence. Nature, 553(7689), 399–401.
National Institutes of Health. (2022). Iron: Fact sheet for health professionals. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional
Prisusanti, R. D. (2021). Metodologi penelitian di berbagai bidang.
Prisusanti, R. D. (2020). Riset Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif dalam Bidang Kesehatan.
Prisusanti, R. D., Kanan, M., Badawi, B., Elis, A., Syahrir, M., Yusuf, N. N., & Purnama, Y. (2022). Keterampilan Klinik Praktik Kebidanan. Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini. (Textbook on clinical midwifery practice, useful to support theoretical background on maternal health education and interventions.)
Prisusanti, R. D., Dewi, C., Kiriwenno, E., Prastiwi, R. S., & Epid, M. (2022). Kesehatan Reproduksi dan Kesehatan Wanita. Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini. (Comprehensive overview of reproductive health; useful for framing family planning education and health behavior studies.)
Fitri, S. R., Lestari, B. C., Indriana, N. P. R. K., Meiranny, A., Hasyim, D. I., Saputri, N., & Prisusanti, R. D. (2024). Asuhan Kebidanan Neonatus: Bayi Balita dan Anak Prasekolah Berbasis Evidence‑Based Practice. PT Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Palupi, F. H., ST, S., Arismawati, D. F., ST, S., Ke, M., Tumenggung, I., ... & Pudyastuti, R. R. (2023). Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarkat. CV Rey Media Grafika.
Prisusanti, R. D., Widiatrilupi, R. M. V., Sulistiyah, N. K., Kiswara, N. W., & Rosyidah, R. (2025). A technology‑based interactive educational approach in increasing post‑partum women’s awareness of the prevention of postpartum complications. JAMAS: Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat, 3(1), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.62085/jms.v3i1.164
Prisusanti, R. D., & Handayani, F. (2024). Healthy community, quality data: Medical record training for local healthcare workers. Community Development Journal: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 5(2), 2966–2971. https://doi.org/10.31004/cdj.v5i2.26664
Prihatono, A., & Prisusanti, R. D. (2025). Model collaboration between midwives and acupuncture therapists in the implementation of complementary postpartum management. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 5(1), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.55606/klinik.v5i1.5556
Prisusanti, R. D. (2023). Development of implementation instruments for recording and reporting maternal and child health (MCH) cohort registers at Puskesmas in Malang Regency. Jurnal Kesehatan Amanah, 7(2), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.57214/jka.v7i2.742
Prisusanti, R. D., Ratnasari, D., & Nabelah, P. V. (2024). Qualitative analysis of electronic medical record registration at Ibnu Sina Gresik Hospital. ASSYIFA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 2(3), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.62085/ajk.v2i3.120
Prisusanti, R. D., Hamzah, G. N., & Azkiya, D. Z. (2024). Factors affecting the accuracy of daily inpatient census data at RSUD dr. R. Soedarsono Pasuruan. ASSYIFA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 2(3), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.62085/ajk.v2i3.112
Prisusanti, R. D., & Kurniawan, F. (2025). Influence of mindfulness‑based interventions on maternal mental health during pregnancy: A systematic review. WHNLifeSciences: Jurnal Ilmu‑Ilmu Kehidupan, 1(1).
Kurniawan, D. K., Widiyanto, A., Putri, S. I., & Prisusanti, R. D. (2024). Meta-analysis: The effectiveness of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) on the quality of health service. Journal of Health Policy and Management, 09(02), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2024.09.02.03
Sari, D. P., Handayani, S., & Pratiwi, R. (2023). Spinach-based nutrition intervention and hemoglobin improvement among pregnant women. Journal of Maternal and Child Nutrition, 19(1), e13412.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13412
Sari, N. P., Amalia, R., & Hidayat, T. (2023). Efektivitas olahan bayam terhadap anemia ringan. Jurnal Kebidanan Indonesia, 12(1), 45–53.
Scholl, T. O. (2020). Iron status during pregnancy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 112(2), 435–444.
Smith, L. E., & Jones, C. A. (2020). Maternal diet barriers and nutrition outcomes. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 33(12), 2035–2042.
Stevens, G. A., Finucane, M. M., & De-Regil, L. M. (2022). Global prevalence of anemia in pregnant women. The Lancet Global Health, 10(6), e813–e821.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00150-9
Torheim, L. E., Arimond, M., & Ul Haq, N. (2021). Women’s dietary diversity and anemia. Food Policy, 98, 101870.
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2021). Maternal nutrition and anemia prevention. UNICEF.
United States Department of Agriculture. (2020). Spinach nutrition profile. FoodData Central.
Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Li, J. (2023). Plant extract supplementation in pregnancy. Nutrition Research Reviews, 36(1), 7–22.
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guideline on daily iron supplementation. Geneva: WHO
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guideline on use of iron supplementation in pregnancy.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
World Health Organization. (2023). Anaemia in women and children.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Siti Rufaidah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
